THE CRASH 1929 AND THE FINANCIAL CRISIS 2007

The similarities between both crisis are: that the two crisis started in the USA, at the beginning the prices grew up very fast, and when it picked up, the prices of the shares or of the houses down. The speculation is one of the most important causes of these crisis.

IMAGINE

IMAXINA. JOHN LENNON.

Imaxina que non exista o ceo,
é fácil se o intentas.
Sen o Inferno debaixo nosa,
arriba de nós, só o ceo.
Imaxina a toda a xente,
vivindo para hoxe…
Imaxina que non hay países,
non é difícil de facer.
Ninguén por quen matar ou morrer,
nin tampouco relixión.
Imaxina a toda a xente vivindo a vida en paz…

Podes dicir que son un soñador,
pero non son o único,
espero que algún día te unas a nós,
e o mundo vivirá como un.

Imaxina que non hai posesións,
quixera saber si podes,
sen necesidade de gula ou fama,
unha irmandade de homes.
Imaxínate a toda a xente compartindo o mundo.

Podes dicir que son un soñador,
pero non son o único,
espero que algún día te unas a nós,
e o mundo vivirá como un.

VIETNAM WAR.

Vietnam War was a military conflict that started 1 November 1955 and finished 15 May 1975 when the Mayaguez Incident concluded. It was a part of the Cold War occurred in these countries: North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. The war occurred between South Vietnam supported by the Americans and North Vietnam supported by the communists. On the other side of North Vietnam killed 10 times more than in the South. Still, after the war ended with the victory of communist, North over the South, the Vietnam War was marked in the moral as the second defeat in military history of the United States after the Korean War. This war is considerate too, the Second Indochina War.

Really modern times

In this video Charles Chaplin criticizes the society. The hard work they did that most people were exploited, then get very low wages.

He criticizes industry and the desire to make money, the inequality suffred by society.

CHILDREN IN VICTORIAN TIMES

During the Industrial Revolution, women, men, and also children worked in factories and coal mines. In Victorian times, the coal was very important in the industry, and the children were exploited. They pushed trucks of coal along mine tunnels wherefore they were called 'putters'. Many children started work at 2 in the morning and stayed below ground for 18 hours.

This children, mostly poor, couldn´t go to the school, because their families couldn´t pay it. Only rich children went to the school and learnt. But fortunately , by 1880, the law said that all children aged 5 to 10 must go to primary school, so every child would receive at least a basic education.

Many Victorian children were poor and worked to help their families. Families got no money so they must work. The Industrial Revolution created new jobs, in factories and mines. Many of these jobs were at first done by children, because children were cheaper than adults.

WORKING WITH PRESS

TABLE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

THOMAS ALVA EDISON

Thomas Alva Edison was born in Ohio, USA, on February 1847. He was an American inventor, scientist and businessman who developed many devices such as the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is credited with the creation of industrial research laboratory.
He was one of the inventors who contributed most to change the life of modern man. In turn, Edison, was a key figure in the consolidation of new technological research. He is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093 U.S. patents as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator. Edison originated the concept and implementation of electric-power generation and distribution. Some of this inventions are : light bulb, phonograph, dictaphone…Edison died in 1931 in New Jersey.




http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydV5uo1FJNY&feature=related

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE WORLD´S MANUFACTURING PRODUCTION BETWEEN 1870 AND 1912

In this chart, it is represented the percentage distribution of the world´s manufacturing production between 1870 and 1913. We can see that the United Kingdom was the most important country in 1870 as there began the industrial revolution, so this country was industrialized quickly and it was a superpower manufacturing country and in this time, was invented the railway, so the transport improve which helped the industry. But, in 1913, the USA exceeded the United Kingdom because it was industrialized too, later. The USA had more people and more territory so, over time this country was the most producer of manufactured products with more industry. And, actually, the USA is one of the most important countries with respect to industry.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution was a historical period from the second half of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, mainly in England, and the rest of Europe, suffer the largest collection of socio-economic changes, technological and cultural history.
The economy based on manual labor was replaced by one dominated by industry and manufacturing. The revolution began with the mechanization of the textile industries and the development of the processes of iron. Trade expansion was facilitated by improved transport routes and later by the birth of the railway. The most important innovations were the steam engine and machine Spinning Jenny. These new machines favored huge increases in production.

Read this text and answer:

a) Which factors influence Spain’s tourism growth?

•its attractive climate.
•its long coastline.
•the accessibility of Spain to countries in North West Europe.
•the competitive price of Spanish tourism, specially accommodation and dining.
•the distinctive Spanish culture.


b) Which places include the ‘Costa del sol’?

Torremolinos, Marbella, Fuengirola and Málaga.


c)Mention some negative consequences of touristic growth.

The towns change dramatically. Uncontrolled development led to the area being swamped by characterless buildings, a lack of open space, limited car parking and inaccessible sea frontage. Commercialisation, crowding of facilities such as bars, beaches and streets, and pollution of the sea and beach are also ocurred.


d) Where do tourists come from in Spain?

The tourists come from Spain are from France, Portugal, Germany and other countries.

TOURISM

Mark which ideas you think contribute to sustainable tourism:

. restrictive entry or pricing in special natural or historical places.
. promote equity in the distribution of the cost and benefits of tourism.
. involve local people in development processes.

Graph 2.

UK imports: 148,360 million pounds.


The main countries ti which UK imports are: Germany, France and other many countries. They are its business partners too.

Graph.

UK exports:₤133,860 million pounds.





The main countries to which UK exports are: Germany, Netherlands and USA. They are its business partners.

VANTAXES E DESVANTAXES DOS MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE

-CANALES INTERIORES: vantaxes: baratos a longas distancias, adecuados para productos con moito volumen; desvantaxes: hai poucas rutas, é caro de construir.

-AUGA (OCÉANO) : vantaxes: non é necesario construir rutas, barato en longas
distancias ; desvantaxes: medio de transporte lento, producen problemas coa contaminación.

-ESTRADA: vantaxes: rutas ben desenvolvidas, cercanas á poboación; caras de construír, soamente poden ser transportadas cargas pequeñas.

-TREN: vantaxes: medio de transporte rápido, custo económico en media e larga distancia ; desvantaxes: caro de construir, limitado ás rutas dependentes da xeografía.

-OLEODUTOS: vantaxes: rápido, mantemento barato; desvantaxes: inamovibles despois de ser construidos, problemas coa contaminación.

-AIRE: vantaxes: rápido, bo para o transporte con moito valor; desvantaxes: ruido e contaminación visual, necesaria moita porción de terra para a construcción dos aeroportos.

TRANSPORT AND TRADE

1. Match these means of transport with their advantages and disadvantages:

Another graph

Explain the relationship between transport, distance and costs.


The relationship established by this graph is:

For short distances the road is better, is cheaper. For medium distances, it is convenient to use the rail and water, it is more economical, and if it comes to long distances, use the pipeline, it is cheaper, due to the large amount of miles to go.

Pie-charts

What changes are shown in the pie-charts?

The United Kingdom suffered a tertiary, namely, from 1920, which dominated the secondary sector, went to change, by the predominance of services sector.

Give reasons for the changes shown in the two pie charts.

The UK is a development country, so it needs more services to its people, because in the MEDC´s the economy is tertiary.
It´s a rich country and is easier access to the services.

TERTIARY INDUSTRY

1- KEY WORDS

-WELFARE STATE: A welfare state is a concept of government where the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens because all aspects of welfare are considered and universally applied to citizens as a "right". Welfare state can also mean the creation of a "social safety net" of minimum standards of varying forms of welfare.

-TRADE: Trade is the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both. The original form of trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and services. Later one side of the barter were the metals, precious metals. The invention of money greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more than two traders is called multilateral trade.Trade exists for man due to specialization and division of labor, most people concentrate on a small aspect of production, trading for other products.

-INSURANCE : is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. An insurer is a company selling the insurance; an insured or policyholder is the person or entity buying the insurance policy. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage, called the premium. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.

-HEALTH SERVICES : The health-care industry incorporates several sectors that are dedicated to providing services and products dedicated to improving the health of individuals. According to market classifications of industry such as the Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark the health-care industry includes health care equipment & services and pharmaceuticals, biotechnology & life sciences. The particular sectors associated with these groups are: biotechnology, diagnostic substances, drug delivery, drug manufacturers, hospitals, medical equipment and instruments, diagnostic laboratories, nursing homes, providers of health care plans and home health care.

-HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION: Consumption is a common concept in economics, and gives rise to derived concepts such as consumer debt. Generally, consumption is defined by opposition to production. Only the final purchase of goods and services constitutes consumption. Other economists define consumption much more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design, production and marketing of goods and services. This type of consumption is refers to household use.

-INTEREST RATE: An interest rate is the price a borrower pays for the use of money they borrow from a lender, for instance a small company might borrow capital from a bank to buy new assets for their business, and the return a lender receives for deferring the use of funds, by lending it to the borrower. Interests rates are fundamental to a Capitalist society. Interest rates are normally expressed as a percentage rate over the period of one year.

-TERTIARISATION: is an economic and social transformation that affects the most developed countries since the last phase of the industrial revolution (third industrial revolution). Not only is that the population employed in the tertiary sector (services) becomes larger than the secondary sector (industry), but the form of work in this sector is broadcast on all others

-MOTORWAY: a motorway is a dual carriageway limited access highway with grade separated junctions designed and built solely for motorised traffic.

-PIPELINE: pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used. As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore sewage, slurry, water, or even beer pipelines exist; but arguably the most valuable are those transporting fuels: oil (oleoduct), natural gas (gas grid) and biofuels.

-FREIGHT: cargo (or freight) is goods or produce transported, generally for commercial gain, by ship, aircraft, train, van or truck. In modern times, containers are used in most intermodal long-haul cargo transport.

-GATT-WTO: the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (typically abbreviated GATT) was negotiated during the UN Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was formed in 1947 and lasted until 1994, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995. The original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994

-LEISURE: Leisure or free time, is a period of time spent out of work and essential domestic activity. It is also the period of recreational and discretionary time before or after compulsory activities such as eating and sleeping, going to work or running a business, attending school and doing homework, household chores, and day-to-day stress. The distinction between leisure and compulsory activities is loosely applied, i.e. people sometimes do work-oriented tasks for pleasure as well as for long-term utility. Distinction may also arise between free time and leisure. The Situationist International maintains that free time is illusory and rarely free and instead, economic and social forces appropriate it from the individual and sell it back to him as a commodity in the form of leisure.

-SPA: is associated with water treatment which is also known as balneotherapy. Spa towns or spa resorts typically offer thermal or mineral water for drinking and bathing. They also offer various health treatments. The belief in the curative powers of mineral waters goes back to prehistoric times. Such practices have been popular worldwide, but are especially widespread in Europe and Japan. Day spas are also quite popular, and offer various personal care treatments.

-RESORT: a resort is a place used for relaxation or recreation, attracting visitors for holidays or vacations. Resorts are places, towns or sometimes commercial establishment operated by a single company. Such a self-contained resort attempts to provide for most of a vacationer's wants while remaining on the premises, such as food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and shopping. The term "resort" sometimes is misused to identify a hotel that does not provide the other amenities required of a full resort. A resort is not merely a commercial establishment operated by a single company, although in the late twentieth century this sort of facility became more common.

-ENVIRONMENT: The biophysical environment is the symbiosis between the physical environment and the biological life forms within the environment, and includes all variables that comprise the Earth's biosphere. The biophysical environment can be divided into two categories: the natural environment and the built environment, with some overlap between the two. Following the industrial revolution, the built environment has become an increasingly significant part of the Earth's environment.

Classify

The song.

It´s an ecological song. It defends the farm and the Earth.

Try to explain this cartoon:

-In this picture, the workers are squeezed by the multinational´s boss.

Try to explain this cartoon:

-In this picture the boss of a multinational is like a king. He has a lot of factories around the world, so he´s like the king of the world.

Try to explain this cartoon:

-In this picture, a secretary speaking by pone with her boss about his global offices. The boss has factories around the world, so he has a multinational.

Find out.

-What is a multinational corporation (MNCs)?

A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC), also called multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation or an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has defined an MNC as a corporation which has its management headquarters in one country known as the home country and operates in several other countries known as host countries.

-Write a few lines about its characteristics.

The multinational corporations have an overall concept, maintains a global perspective on their business on markets, products and services, under which perceive the world as your target market. They are characterized by the employment of both country of origin and the country in which they settled. Free competition ceases to exist and becomes a situation of imperfect competition. Multinational corporations distort information through the control of advertising, which now extends to the production of complete lines of magazines or newspapers.


- State the main 5 industrial MNCs and the country they are from.

The biggest MNCs are : Coca-Cola Company, Microsoft, IBM, Intel ( all of the above are in the USA) and Sony (it´s in Japan).


-Could ZARA be a multinational? And Citroën?. Write a brief report about them.

Yes, Zara and Citroën are multinationals.

ZARA : is the flagship chain store of Inditex Group owned by Spanish tycoon Amancio Ortega, who also owns brands such as Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, Oysho, Uterqüe, Stradivarius and Bershka. The group is headquartered in A Coruña, Galicia, Spain, where the first Zara store opened in 1975. It is claimed that Zara needs just two weeks to develop a new product and get it to stores, compared with a six-month industry average, and launches around 10,000 new designs each year. Zara has resisted the industry-wide trend towards transferring fast fashion production to low-cost countries. Perhaps its most unusual strategy was its policy of zero advertising; the company preferred to invest a percentage of revenues in opening new stores instead.

CITROËN : is a French automobile manufacturer. Founded in 1919 by André Citroën, it was the one of the world's first mass-production car company outside of the USA. Since 1976 it has been part of PSA Peugeot Citroën, and its headquarters is on rue Fructidor, in Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis, near Paris. Originally a mass-market car maker with relatively straightforward designs, Citroën shocked the world in 1934 with the innovative Traction Avant, the world's first mass-production front wheel drive car.

Three gorges dam.

This is the biggest dam in the world. It´s in the river Yangtse, in China.

Explain what raw materials are used to produce …

-The shoes are made of skin, rubber or material, for example.
-The chairs are made of wood or plastic.
-The juice is made of fruit.
-The jewels are made of gold, silver, diamonds, pearls, ruby...
-The keys are made of iron.
-The thermometers are made of mercury, alcohol...
-The windows are made of PVC, aluminium, wood...
-The doors are made of wood, aluminium, PVC...
-The notebooks are made of paper and iron.
-The sweaters are made of material, wool, cotton...
-The oil are made of oil.

JOIN COLUMNS

1.Solar : e. Energy from sunlight is captured in solar panels and converted into electricity. Advantages: potentially infinite energy supply. Disadvantages : manufacture and implementation of solar panels can be costly.

2. Wind : a. wind turbines (modern windmills) turn wind energy into electricity. Advantages : potentially infinite energy supply. Disadvantages : manufacture and implementation of wind farms can be costly.

3.Tidal : f. the movement of sea water in and out drives turbines. Advantages : a lot of energy is generated this way. Disadvantages : construction can be costly. Maybe opposed by local or enviromental groups.

4.Geothermal : b. it is possible to use heat from under the earth´s surface in volcanic regions. Steam can be used for heating or to power turbines creating electricity. Advantages : potentially infinite energy suplly. It is used successfully in some countries, such as New Zeland. Disadvantages : can be expensive to set up. Only works in areas of volcanic activity.

5.Hydro-electric power (HEP) : c. energy hamesed from the movement of water through rivers, lakes and dams. Advantages : creates water reserves as well as energy supllies. Disadvantages : costly to build. They can cause the flooding of surrounding communities and landscapes. Dams have major acological impacts.

6.Biomasa : d. an organic material which can be burnt to provide energy (heat or electricity). Advantages : it is a cheap source of energy. Disadvantages : when burnt, it gives off atmospheric pollutants, including greenhouse gases.

Find out what are:

CAP:The Common Agricultural Policy is a system of European Union agricultural subsidies and programmes.The CAP combines a direct subsidy payment for crops and land which may be cultivated with price support mechanisms, including guaranteed minimum prices, import tariffs and quotas on certain goods from outside the EU. Reforms of the system are currently underway reducing import controls and transferring subsidy to land stewardship rather than specific crop production. Detailed implementation of the scheme varies in different member countries of the EU.

BSE: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, commonly known as mad-cow disease (MCD), is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease in cattle, that causes a spongy degeneration in the brain and spinal cord. BSE has a long incubation period, about 4 years, usually affecting adult cattle at a peak age onset of four to five years, all breeds being equally susceptible. In the United Kingdom, the country worst affected, more than 179,000 cattle have been infected and 4.4 million slaughtered during the eradication programme.


GM FOODS: Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from genetically modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering, using a process of either Cisgenesis or Transgenesis. These techniques are much more precise than mutagenesis (mutation breeding) where an organism is exposed to radiation or chemicals to create a non-specific but stable change. Other techniques by which humans modify food organisms include selective breeding (plant breeding and animal breeding), and somaclonal variation.


GREEN REVOLUTION: Green Revolution refers to the transformation of agriculture that began in 1945, largely due to the life work of Norman Borlaug. One significant factor in this revolution was the Mexican government's request to establish an agricultural research station to develop more varieties of wheat that could be used to feed the rapidly growing population of the country.

The importance of the agriculture.

Agriculture is important. Before, it was more important, it has lost importance, but today is even, because the agriculture provides employment. About 45% of the world’s workforce was employed in the farming. Food production continues to rise and yields per hectare have increased. Trade in agricultural products has increased. Agriculture provides the basis of many manufacturing and service industries such as food and a variety of services.

G) Plantation agriculture.

F) Market gardening.

E) Dry and extensive agriculture.

D) Shifting cultivation.

C) Extensive commercial farming

B) Wet rice farming

FARMING TYPES

A) Modern Mediterranean agriculture.

Join words and definitions

1.Arable : f. the cultivation of crops.

2.Commercial: d. the products are sold to make a profit.

3.Intensive: a. high input and yield per unit area.

4.Nomadie: g. farmers moved seasonally with their herds.

5.Extensive: e. low input an yield per unit area.

6.Pastoral: b. reaning animals.

7.Sedentay: h. farmers remain in the same place throughout the year.

8.Subsistence: c. the products are consumed by the cultivators.

A) KEY WORDS

Look for the meaning of :

-Crops (cultivos) : a pounch in many birds and some lower animals that resenbles a stomach for torage and preliminary maceration of food.

-Cattle (ganado) : domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age.

-Relief (relevo) : the terrestrial relief makes reference to the forms that has the terrestrial bark or litosfera in the surface.

-Soil (tierra) : material in the top layer of the surface of the earth in which plants can grow. Agricultural soil.

-Labour (trabajo): productive work.

-Farmer (agricultor) : a person who operates a farm.

-Yield (cosecha) :production of a certain amount you cultivate.

-Herd (manada) : a group of cattle or sheep or the other domestic mammals all of the same kind that are herded by humans.

-Seeds (semillas) : each one of the part that it origin to a new plant.

-Input : things that used to produce something. (Seeds)

-Output : profit of the production. (Corn)